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Ehrenberg-Bass / How Brands Grow

The Ehrenberg-Bass Institute at the University of South Australia, led by Professor Byron Sharp, has produced the most rigorous body of evidence-based marketing research. The core insight from 'How Brands Grow': brands primarily grow by reaching more light and non-buyers through mental availability (being thought of in buying situations) and physical availability (being easy to find and buy). Loyalty programmes, targeting heavy buyers, and differentiation are less effective than most marketers believe.

When to use this framework

  • Your marketing strategy is overly focused on loyal/heavy users and ignoring light buyers
  • You need to challenge assumptions about targeting, differentiation, and loyalty
  • You're building a brand growth strategy and want evidence-backed principles
  • You want to audit whether your brand has sufficient mental and physical availability
  • Leadership asks why you're recommending broad reach over narrow targeting

Before you start

Read 'How Brands Grow' by Byron Sharp (or at minimum the key principles). This framework challenges many traditional marketing assumptions.

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Worked Example

Coca-Cola

1. Mental Availability Audit

Mental availability = the probability that a buyer will think of your brand in a buying situation. It's driven by the quantity and quality of memory structures linked to your brand.

List all the situations, needs, motivations, and occasions when someone might think of buying in your category. These are the 'paths into the category.' The more CEPs your brand is linked to, the higher your mental availability.

1. I'm thirsty 2. I want something refreshing 3. It's hot outside 4. I'm eating a meal (especially with fast food) 5. I'm at a party/social gathering 6. I need a caffeine boost / energy 7. I'm treating myself / reward moment 8. I'm at the cinema/sports event 9. I want something sweet 10. I'm sharing a moment with friends/family 11. Celebration / special occasion 12. I'm nostalgic / want comfort

For each CEP, how strongly is your brand linked? Are you among the first brands that come to mind?

Strong: Thirsty (decades of advertising), refreshment (core positioning), meal occasion (McDonald's partnership), social gatherings (party/sharing imagery), celebration (Christmas/New Year) Medium: Energy/caffeine (not primary association vs. coffee/energy drinks), treating myself (competing with premium options) Weak: Hot weather (strong in some markets, less in Northern Europe), cinema (competing with popcorn/local brands) Key insight: Coca-Cola dominates 'refreshment' and 'social' CEPs but is losing ground on 'energy' and 'health-conscious' entry points.

List your non-brand-name elements that trigger brand recall: colours, logos, characters, jingles, slogans, shapes, celebrities. These must be unique to your brand (not shared with competitors) and famous (widely recognised).

1. Contour bottle shape (recognised by touch alone — one of the most distinctive packaging assets in the world) 2. Red colour (Coca-Cola Red is a global distinctive asset — even Santa Claus wears it because of Coke's influence) 3. Spencerian script logo (unchanged since 1886 — one of the most recognised logos globally) 4. Dynamic ribbon / wave (the flowing white ribbon on packaging) 5. 'Open Happiness' / 'Taste the Feeling' / 'Real Magic' (evolving but always emotionally charged taglines) 6. Sound — the fizz, the pour, the 'ahhh' after drinking (used in audio branding) 7. Santa Claus (seasonal but incredibly powerful December distinctive asset) 8. Polar bears (seasonal animated mascots since 1993)

How unique are your distinctive assets? Do consumers attribute them to your brand specifically, not competitors?

10

How widely recognised are your distinctive assets among all category buyers (not just your current customers)?

10

2. Physical Availability Audit

Physical availability = how easy it is for a consumer to find and buy your brand. Distribution breadth, shelf presence, online findability.

Where can customers buy your product? What percentage of relevant retail outlets stock you?

Available in 200+ countries. Present in virtually every retail outlet from convenience stores to hypermarkets, vending machines, restaurants, cinemas, and sports venues. 'Within arm's reach of desire' has been Coca-Cola's distribution philosophy since the 1920s. Estimated 2.2 billion servings per day globally.

How prominent are you at the point of purchase? Shelf space, search ranking, marketplace positioning.

Dominant shelf presence in beverages: typically 30-50% of soft drink shelf space. Strong point-of-sale materials (branded fridges, displays). In digital: top search results for 'cola' and 'soft drink.' In restaurants: 'Is Pepsi OK?' — Coca-Cola's presence is so expected that its absence requires explanation.

How easy is it to buy? Frictionless checkout, availability, out-of-stock rate, delivery speed.

10

3. Growth Lever Assessment

The evidence shows brands grow primarily through penetration (getting more buyers), not loyalty (getting existing buyers to buy more). Are you investing accordingly?

Coca-Cola's marketing has historically focused on broad reach, not heavy-user targeting. The famous 'Share a Coke' campaign put 150+ names on bottles — not to target specific segments, but to reach all buyers with a personal touch. Approximately 80% of marketing investment goes toward mass reach (TV, OOH, digital video) and 20% toward targeted/promotional activity. This aligns with Ehrenberg-Bass evidence.

Are you reaching all category buyers, or only your current customer profile? Brands that grow reach broadly, not narrowly.

10

Are your distinctive assets used consistently across all touchpoints and over time? Consistency builds memory structures.

9

4. Action Plan

What will you do to link your brand to more CEPs and strengthen your distinctive assets?

1. Continue investing in broad-reach, emotionally-charged advertising that links Coca-Cola to universal moments (meals, celebrations, refreshment). 2. Strengthen CEP linkage in 'energy' by promoting Coca-Cola Energy and caffeine content. 3. Address health-conscious CEPs through Coca-Cola Zero Sugar — same distinctive assets, different need state. 4. Protect seasonal CEPs (Christmas = Coca-Cola) with consistent Santa/polar bear campaigns. 5. Refresh audio branding (fizz/pour sounds) for digital channels where visual assets may be smaller.

What will you do to make your brand easier to find and buy?

1. Expand into emerging market micro-stores and kiosks (rural India, Africa). 2. Increase presence on food delivery platforms (Deliveroo, UberEats, DoorDash). 3. Defend vending machine network and expand smart vending with cashless payment. 4. Ensure Coca-Cola Zero Sugar has equal shelf space to original — it's currently under-distributed relative to demand.
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